A biomolecule is any of the organic molecules produced by living organisms.
| Carbohydrates | Fats | Protein | |
| Simplest form | Monosaccharides | · Saturated fatty acids Unsaturated fatty acids · Glycerol | Basic unit: amino acids |
| Structure/ Types | · Monosaccharides: single sugar molecules, reducing sugars · Disaccharides:double sugar molecules · Polysaccharides: made from condensing many similar monosaccharides | · Neutral fats and oils o Monoglyceride o Diglyceride o Triglycerids: contains 1 glycerol and 4 fatty acid molecules · Phospholipids: o Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail (polar molecules) form a lipid bilayer – plasma membrane o Consist of organic group, phosphate group, glycerol and fatty acid | · Primary: Amino acids linked to form a polypeptide chain · Secondary: Polypeptides are folded in various ways · Tertiary: Folding of secondary structure into a complex shape · Quarternary: Aggregation of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta chain, prosthetic group) |
| Function/Role | · starch: concentrated form of energy · form supporting structures (e.g. cellulose cell wall) · formation of nucleic acids · synthesis of lubricants · Fibre: Provides bulk to intestinal contents · Aids in peristalsis | · Effective source and storage of energy · Insulating material as it is just under the skin · Solvent for fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) and hormones (eg: sex hormones) · Restricts water loss from surface of the skin · Constituent of protoplasm, especially in membranes | · Source of energy · Catalytic (enzymes) · Transport · Structural role in cells: synthesis of protoplasm (growth and repair of worn out cells · Formation of antibodies to combat diseases |
| Bonds | Glycosidic bonds | Tryglycerides – Ester bonds | · Amino acids - Peptide bonds · Fibrous protein- Hydrogen bond · Globular protein – disulfide bond |
| Properties | · Group of organic compounds with an oily, greasy or waxy consistency · Insoluble · Water repelling | · Fibrous o Water insoluble o Parallel polypeptide chains · Globular o Easily water soluble | |
| Molecular formular | CnH2nOn | R-COOH or CH3(CH2)nCOOH | |
| Deficiency | · Kwashiokor · Edema | ||
| Excess | Obesity |
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